>> Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B How pervasive is prejudice today? /S /Transparency We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. 18 0 obj Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. endobj Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? How did Asch study conformity? Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /Contents 42 0 R -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. /Worksheet /Part affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist /Footnote /Note /Type /Page -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount 238 0 R 239 0 R] Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. >> 7,000 & 6,000 \\ Rossi . /Footer /Sect /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding . /StructParents 11 /Parent 2 0 R Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. /Type /Page A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. >> 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. /K [20 0 R] If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /LastChar 239 /Dialogsheet /Part What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? << -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 /ExtGState << Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? /F1 21 0 R Everything you always wanted to know. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. /Tabs /S According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." /Type /Font When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? /Resources << >> [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. /F4 24 0 R c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. -Cognitive component: stereotypes /Macrosheet /Part System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. What is the actor-observer bias? >> It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. /F4 24 0 R >> >> /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) /CS /DeviceRGB 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. /S /Transparency /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R << [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. >> /F3 23 0 R Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. /Group << /Chart /Sect /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] << /GS8 28 0 R /F4 24 0 R /S /Transparency Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. << /ExtGState << Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. /StructParents 1 /Subtype /Type1 /Tabs /S The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Font << /Type /ExtGState The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. What is deindividuation? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 obj /Group << /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') HWKoFW. -2008 first black president /Tabs /S 8 0 obj What is cognitive dissonance? makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. /StructParents 10 /F1 21 0 R When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. the degree to which something is extreme) is >> /F3 23 0 R 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts << >> What is an internal versus an external attribution? % /F5 25 0 R >> /F3 23 0 R Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. /FontDescriptor 364 0 R According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. >> 13 0 obj The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. /F4 24 0 R Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. What is social facilitation? /Resources << %PDF-1.3 -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. /Subtype /Type1 /ParentTree 19 0 R /Parent 2 0 R 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? /F4 24 0 R endobj /F1 21 0 R What is a meta-analysis? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights 0 333 0 667 556 833 667 722 0 0 What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? /StructParents 5 /Slide /Part /Resources << /Header /Sect -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. Explain the significance of [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] /Workbook /Document naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser /Parent 2 0 R What kinds of information does a flawed scientist use when thinking about the behavior of others? How did Milgram study obedience? They argue that people start the process of impression formation by -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. ->paying an increase of the original price for extras 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? Keith Stanovich . 48 . [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what /Endnote /Note /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What causes deindividuation? /StructParents 8 /Type /Pages 260 0 R 261 0 R] come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. >> -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. /CS /DeviceRGB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Type /Group /CA 1 The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. /F6 26 0 R 14 0 obj Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. /Font << /GS7 27 0 R COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) /Group << >> /Parent 2 0 R Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the /StructParents 7 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . /BaseFont /Times-Roman -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) Cookie policy. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R endobj endobj That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. << Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /F1 21 0 R 1,000 & 12,000 /GS7 27 0 R They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices. Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way.

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