Vente de la Louisiane Expansion of the United States 1803-1804 Modern map of the United States overlapped with territory bought in the Louisiana Purchase (in white) History History Established July 4, 1803 Disestablished October 1, 1804 Preceded by Succeeded by Louisiana (New France) District of Louisiana Territory of Orleans Today part of Thomas Jefferson 4. PBS describes how by 1812, France had increased its army strength to 600,000 men, not to mention the thousands in the navy. It cannot be understated just how important the Louisiana Purchase was to the United States. Desperate to avoid possible war with France, Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris in 1803 to negotiate a settlement, with instructions to go to London to negotiate an alliance if the talks in Paris failed. Monroe, along with the minister to France, Robert Livingston, made the inquiry. To part with the territory so soon after its transfer left many French aristocrats puzzled. Following French defeat in the Seven Years' War, Spain gained control of the territory west of the Mississippi, and the British received the territory to the east of the river. War Hawks Napoleon quipped after the Louisiana treaty: Napoleon was correct in that the Jeffersonian Democrats favored closer relations with France over Spain. Napoleon brought stabilization to the regime, though direct taxes on the population made up a sky-high ~60% of all government revenues, compared to just 30% pre-revolution.2, In addition, Napoleons government maintained a large standing army to protect the nation and ward off enemies. The many court cases and tribal suits in the 1930s for historical damages flowing from the Louisiana Purchase led to the Indian Claims Commission Act (ICCA) in 1946. The additional land helped lead to the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the various frontier wars and broken treaties with the Plains natives of the late 1800s. The Louisiana Purchase proved popular with white Americans, who were hungry for more western lands to settle. Napoleon dreamed and yearned for a French colonial empire to rival the British. According to the University of Kentucky, slaves outnumbered free people at least 10 to 1. The territory made up all or part of fifteen modern U.S. states between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. At the same time, this territorial expansion also allowed for the growth and expansion of slavery in the United States, which finally culminated in the American Civil War. Without Saint Domingue, Napoleons dreams of a French colonial empire in the Americas were dashed. However at the time Napoleon traded long-term potential for short-term gain. The French ruler was just about to embark on a series of devastating wars. Though viewed as of lesser importance than the colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti), Louisiana and its crucial port city of New Orleans was to play a large role in French colonial dominance.1. The United States purchased the Louisiana Territory in 1803. In 1801, Spanish Governor Don Juan Manuel de Salcedo took over from the Marquess of Casa Calvo, and restored the American right to deposit goods. As it turns out, France, or more accurately its ruler Napoleon Bonaparte, had some good reasons for doing it. In November 1803, France withdrew its 7,000 surviving troops from Saint-Domingue (more than two-thirds of its troops died there) and gave up its ambitions in the Western Hemisphere. The U.S. adapted the former Spanish facility at Fort Bellefontaine as a fur trading post near St. Louis in 1804 for business with the Sauk and Fox. This was particularly true in the area of the present-day state of Louisiana, which also contained a large number of free people of color. He could not or did not see the value in sending troops to defend worthless Louisiana, not with Saint-Domingue out of the equation. Today, the 31st parallel is the northern boundary of the western half of the Florida Panhandle, and the Perdido is the western boundary of Florida. While 3-4 cents an acre was not a massive deal, from Napoleons perspective he received a large sum of money for land he had just received and had virtually no control over. Perhaps the most important reason as to why Napoleon sold the Louisiana territory to the United States was the Haitian Revolution. Furthermore, the Spanish prime minister had authorized the U.S. to negotiate with the French government "the acquisition of territories which may suit their interests." There was also concern that an increase in the number of slave-holding states created out of the new territory would exacerbate divisions between North and South. A treaty, dated April 30 and signed May 2, was then worked out that gave Louisiana to the United States in exchange for $11.25 million, plus the forgiveness of $3.75 million in French debt. In the end, Barings and Hopes acquired the $11.25 million in bonds for just $9.44 million. Andrew Jackson. [3] The western borders of the purchase were later settled by the 1819 AdamsOns Treaty with Spain, while the northern borders of the purchase were adjusted by the Treaty of 1818 with Britain. A final reason for Napoleons fateful decision was that he foresaw the difficulty in maintaining a French colony in North America across the Atlantic and so close to the United States. According to the Library of Congress, the Louisiana Territory was mainly ignored by the French government and remained unprofitable. The British would have likely garrisoned New Orleans and would have occupied it for a very long time because they and their ally Spain did not recognize any treaties and land deals conducted by Napoleon since 1800, especially the Louisiana Purchase. On April 30, 1812, exactly nine years after the Louisiana Purchase agreement was made, the first of 13 states to be carved from the territoryLouisianawas admitted into the Union as the 18th . History in Charts is a website dedicated to writing about historical topics and diving deeper into the data behind different events, time periods, places, and people. Both Federalists and Jeffersonians were concerned over the purchase's constitutionality. [45] In 2021 dollars, the $15 million purchase price is equivalent to $336.92million. [citation needed], After the early explorations, the U.S. government sought to establish control of the region, since trade along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers was still dominated by British and French traders from Canada and allied Indians, especially the Sauk and Fox. With a $15 million investment, the United States acquired more than 800,000 acres, almost doubling the country's land holdings. He bought the Louisiana territory from France, which was being led by Napoleon Bonaparte at the time, for 15,000,000 USD. Answer and Explanation: [1][2] More recently, the total cost to the U.S. government of all subsequent treaties and financial settlements over the land has been estimated to be around 2.6 billion dollars.[1][2]. John Adams 2. Francis Scott Key. Browman, David L (2018). JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25723883. The formidable British navy could easily blockade the territory and seize it for themselves. From the French perspective, just why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana territory to the Americans? In the meeting, he said that Napoleon had read an account in the London press that 50,000 British troops might be sent to New Orleans. Pinckney's Treaty, signed with Spain on October 27, 1795, gave American merchants "right of deposit" in New Orleans, granting them use of the port to store goods for export. The territory's boundaries had not been defined in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau that ceded it from France to Spain, nor in the 1801 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceding it back to France, nor the 1803 Louisiana Purchase agreement ceding it to the United States.[49]. Military expenditures accounted for nearly 60% of the overall budget, a staggering number to maintain.2. [56] The maps and journals of the explorers helped to define the boundaries during the negotiations leading to the AdamsOns Treaty, which set the western boundary as follows: north up the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico to its intersection with the 32nd parallel, due north to the Red River, up the Red River to the 100th meridian, north to the Arkansas River, up the Arkansas River to its headwaters, due north to the 42nd parallel and due west to its previous boundary. [46], Because Napoleon wanted to receive his money as quickly as possible, Barings and Hopes purchased the bonds for 52 million francs, agreeing to an initial 6 million franc payment upon issuance of the bonds followed by 23 monthly payments of 2 million francs each. French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte ultimately sold the Louisiana territory to the United States for four reasons: the French government needed money, an impending war with Great Britain, the fallout from the Haitian Revolution, and the difficulty in maintaining a North American colony. Part of his evolving strategy involved giving du Pont some information that was withheld from Livingston. True False, Hamilton's financial plans favored the northern states. [31], Madison (the "Father of the Constitution") assured Jefferson that the Louisiana Purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution. Because of this favored position, the U.S. asked Barings to handle the transaction. The treaty also recognized American rights to navigate the entire Mississippi, which had become vital to the growing trade of the western territories. At the time of the Louisiana Purchase Europe was held under a temporary peace as a result of the 1802 Treaty of Amiens. Louisiana under Spanish control fared little better. Mexico. They wrote an enthusiasticletter to Secretary of State James Madison: "An acquisition of so great an extent was, we well Know, not contemplated by our appointment; but we are persuaded that the Circumstances and Considerations which induced us to make it, will justify us, in the measure, to our Government and Country.". Adams' Vice President 4. went to France to purchase New Orleans 5. sold Louisiana to the United States 6. explored the Louisiana Territory 1. As a result, Napoleon's view of Louisiana transformed from that of an outpost to that of a poker chip, ready to cash in. The failed suppression of the Haitian Revolution also diverted French troops from landing in the port city of New Orleans, a near crisis averted for the United States. The French loss of Saint-Domingue sent a shudder through the world. [42] In the final agreement, the value of the U.S. currency was set at .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{border-top:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}5+3333/10000 francs per U.S. 3, 1904, pp. The scene caused a servant to faint, and when Lucien lingered to try to argue the point, Napoleon said to his brother that if he opposed him he would break him like a snuffbox which he smashed into the floor. The U.S. claimed that Louisiana included the entire western portion of the Mississippi River drainage basin to the crest of the Rocky Mountains and land extending to the Rio Grande and West Florida. C. would have a hard time managing the land and needed the money for war in Europe. He bought the Louisiana territory from France, which was being led by Napoleon Bonaparte at the time, for 15,000,000 USD. Zebulon Pike What nickname were Americans given who wanted war with England? Napoleon informed his brothers of the sale and asked for their opinion. It remained in Spanish hands until 1800, when Napoleon Bonaparte negotiated a secret treaty with Spain and took the vast holding back in exchange for tiny Etruria in Northern Italy. The former slaves fought the French forces to a standstill while yellow fever and malaria outbreaks decimated the French invaders. 55, no. According to Slavery and Remembrance, the French imported nearly 800,000 enslaved Africans to the colony for brutal plantation work in what was one of the most violent slavery systems in the Americas. Who sold the Louisiana Territory to the United states? The Louisiana Purchase was a land purchase made by United States president, Thomas Jefferson, in 1803. 1803 acquisition of large region of Middle America land by the U.S. from France, Domestic opposition and constitutionality, Formal transfers and initial organization. [citation needed]. [55], Because the western boundary was contested at the time of the purchase, President Jefferson immediately began to organize four missions to explore and map the new territory. Earlier in 1803, Francis Baring and Company of London had become the U.S. government's official banking agent in London following the failure of Bird, Savage & Bird. Plans were also set forth for several missions to explore and chart the territory, the most famous being the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Everybody who has taken grade-school history knows the story. [51] The dispute was ultimately resolved by the AdamsOns Treaty of 1819, with the United States gaining most of what it had claimed in the west. The Federalists strongly opposed the purchase, favoring close relations with Britain over closer ties to Napoleon. [48], A dispute soon arose between Spain and the United States regarding the extent of Louisiana. When word got around that Napoleon was giving up Louisiana to the Americans, not everybody agreed. [10], In 1803, Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, a French nobleman, began to help negotiate with France at the request of Jefferson. [6] The territory nominally remained under Spanish control, until a transfer of power to France on November 30, 1803, just three weeks before the formal cession of the territory to the United States on December 20, 1803.[7]. This situation would further expand and strengthen the British empireNapoleons worst-case scenario. [8] In 1801, Jefferson supported France in its plan to take back Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti), which was then under control of Toussaint Louverture after a slave rebellion. At the time of the purchase, the territory of Louisiana's non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants, of whom half were enslaved Africans. See chapter iii, "Treaty Ceding Louisiana to the United States" (1803 ff.). When Napoleon rose to power in 1799, the French governments finances were in disarray due to the effects of the French Revolution.

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